Casper refers to a consensus mechanism used by blockchain networks, particularly in Ethereum’s transition to a proof-of-stake model. It aims to enhance security and efficiency while reducing energy consumption compared to proof-of-work systems.There are two versions of Casper: Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget (FFG) and Casper Correct-by-Construction (CBC). FFG works alongside proof-of-work in a hybrid model, providing an additional layer of security by finalizing blocks. CBC, on the other hand, offers a more flexible approach, allowing validators to confirm transactions based on the network’s consensus rules.Validators in Casper are required to stake a certain amount of cryptocurrency to participate in block creation and validation. This staking process helps prevent malicious activity, as dishonest validators risk losing their staked assets. By implementing Casper, networks can achieve greater scalability, faster transaction times, and improved energy efficiency. This shift reflects an evolving landscape in blockchain technology, prioritizing sustainability while maintaining robust security and decentralization.