A commitment scheme is a cryptographic protocol that allows one party to commit to a value while keeping it hidden, with the ability to later reveal the value and prove that it was the same as the initial commitment. This process involves two main steps: commitment and revelation. In the commitment phase, the party generates a value and combines it with a secret random number, producing a commitment. This commitment can be shared publicly without disclosing the underlying value. In the revelation phase, the party can disclose the original value along with the random number, allowing others to verify that the value matches the commitment. The key attributes of a commitment scheme are hiding and binding. Hiding ensures that the committed value remains secret until revealed, while binding prevents the party from changing the value after making the commitment.Commitment schemes are useful for various applications, including secure auctions, voting systems, and multi-party computations, as they help ensure honesty and transparency between involved parties.