Non-repudiation refers to the assurance that an action or transaction cannot be denied after it has been executed. In the context of digital transactions, particularly in cryptocurrencies, it ensures that the parties involved cannot later claim that they did not engage in the transaction.This is primarily achieved through the use of cryptographic signatures. When a user initiates a transaction, their private key generates a unique signature that validates the transaction’s authenticity. This signature is then recorded on the blockchain along with the transaction details.Once a transaction is confirmed and added to the blockchain, it becomes immutable, meaning it cannot be altered or deleted. This permanence allows all parties to have a verifiable record, making it impossible for someone to deny their involvement or shift the responsibility for a transaction.Thus, non-repudiation enhances trust, as users can be confident that their transactions are secure and can be validated independently by any party with access to the blockchain.