Overhead refers to the extra resources and costs associated with managing transactions and maintaining a network. In blockchain, overhead can include computational power, memory usage, bandwidth, and storage required to process and store data.For individual transactions, overhead manifests in fees. These fees may fluctuate based on network demand, affecting how quickly a transaction is confirmed. High demand can lead to increased costs as users compete to have their transactions prioritized.On a broader scale, overhead also impacts scalability. As a blockchain grows and more users join, the network needs to handle more data and processing. This can slow down transaction speeds and increase the energy consumption required for validation.Finally, overhead is significant for decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts, as the complexity of operations can lead to higher resource consumption. Understanding overhead is crucial for users and developers to optimize performance and manage costs effectively.