A consensus protocol is a set of rules that helps a network of computers agree on a shared state of data. In systems like blockchain, it’s essential for validating transactions and maintaining security without a central authority.Different types of consensus protocols exist, with the most common being Proof of Work and Proof of Stake. In Proof of Work, miners compete to solve complex mathematical problems to add new blocks to the chain, which consumes significant energy. Proof of Stake, on the other hand, allows participants to create blocks based on the number of coins they hold, making it more energy-efficient.These protocols ensure that all participants have a consistent view of the blockchain, preventing double-spending and fraud. They also help deter malicious activities by making it difficult for any single actor to manipulate the system without the consensus of the majority.Overall, consensus protocols are crucial for maintaining the integrity and reliability of decentralized networks.