Horizontal scaling refers to the process of adding more machines or nodes to a network to handle an increasing amount of transactions or data. Instead of upgrading existing hardware (vertical scaling), horizontal scaling spreads the load across multiple, often cheaper, units. This approach can enhance performance and efficiency. When the number of users or transactions rises, additional nodes can be integrated easily, helping maintain speed and reliability. In blockchain systems, horizontal scaling helps improve transaction throughput and reduces congestion. Various techniques, such as sharding or layer-2 solutions, are often utilized to achieve this. By distributing the workload, horizontal scaling not only enhances scalability but also ensures greater resilience. If one node fails, the others can continue operating, making the system more robust. This method offers a flexible solution to growing demands while maintaining overall network stability.