Layer 2 protocols refer to solutions built on top of existing blockchain networks to enhance scalability and transaction speed. These protocols operate separately from the main blockchain, allowing for faster and more efficient transactions without congesting the base layer.One common example is the Lightning Network, which is designed for Bitcoin. It allows users to create off-chain payment channels, enabling instant transactions at lower fees. Once transactions are finalized, they can be settled back on the main blockchain.These protocols address key issues such as high fees and slow confirmation times, especially during periods of high network activity. By processing transactions off-chain, Layer 2 solutions help maintain the decentralized nature of blockchains while improving user experience.In summary, Layer 2 protocols serve as an essential layer of infrastructure that complements existing blockchains, making them more efficient and scalable without compromising their core principles.