Have you ever met someone who sees signals everywhere? They constantly search for signs and patterns, interpreting them as clues for what actions to take.
While rational individuals often dismiss these “pattern seekers” as overly superstitious or disconnected from reality, the truth lies somewhere in between some people fabricate connections, while others overlook important information.
As a trader, you need to balance both perspectives and stay open to all available information, while also having a system in place to determine which signals are meaningful and which are just noise. Technical indicators are a valuable tool for filtering through all this data.
In financial markets, volume indicators, in particular, are effective for assessing the strength and direction of trends. They can reveal hidden market momentum and help traders make informed decisions about the direction of a particular asset.
In this article, we’ll explore the top 8 volume indicators for traders, their components, and how to use them effectively.
Key Takeaways
- Volume indicators help confirm trends and identify potential reversals in financial markets.
- Popular volume indicators include On-Balance Volume (OBV), Chaikin Money Flow (CMF), and the Accumulation/Distribution Line.
- Divergences between price and volume can signal weakening trends.
- Volume spikes often accompany breakouts, helping confirm the strength of market movements.
Volume in Financial Markets
Volume measures the number of shares or contracts traded in a given period. In the cryptocurrency space, it refers to the number of tokens or coins traded.
Higher volume typically indicates increased interest and market activity, whereas low volume suggests lower interest. Volume indicators provide deeper insights by analyzing how volume behaves in relation to price movements.
Why Volume Matters
Volume is essential in confirming trends, determining the strength of price movements, and signaling reversals. For instance:
Importance of High Volume
High volume signals increased interest in a stock and the active participation of both buyers and sellers. When a stock is in an uptrend and volume rises alongside it, this suggests the upward momentum is likely to continue as more buyers enter the market.
Similarly, if a stock is in a downtrend and volume increases, it indicates that the downtrend may persist, as more sellers are looking to exit their positions.
Importance of Low-Volume
Low volume suggests a lack of interest in the stock. If a stock is rising while volume decreases, it indicates waning buyer interest, signaling a potential reversal of the uptrend.
Similarly, if a stock is declining with decreasing volume, it suggests that sellers are losing interest, indicating a possible reversal of the downtrend.
| Price | Volume | Expectation |
| Up | Up | Bullish |
| Up | Down | Caution — Weak hands buying |
| Down | Up | Bearish |
| Down | Down | Caution — Weak hands selling |
Table showing how volume matters
What are Volume Indicators
The volume indicator concept dates back to the early 1900s and is attributed to Richard Wyckoff, a pioneer in technical analysis. It remains a crucial tool for investors and traders to assess market activity and liquidity when trading financial assets.
As the name suggests, volume indicators offer valuable insights into the market’s buying and selling pressure by measuring the number of shares or contracts traded over a set period. For instance, the volume indicator can reflect a stock’s bullish or bearish strength by analyzing the balance between buying and selling forces.
In simple terms, it estimates how much interest buyers and sellers have in stock at a given time and uses this information to help predict future price movements.
How Do Volume Indicators Work?
Volume indicators estimate investor sentiment towards a specific stock by measuring the number of traders interested in buying or selling it at a given moment. For instance, a negative sentiment indicated by these metrics suggests a potential decline in the stock’s price, often reflecting a bearish pattern.
Conversely, positive sentiment may signal a rise in the stock’s price, hinting at a bullish pattern ahead. Also, note that if the volume indicator shows exceptionally high trading volume for a stock compared to its average moving volume, it may stem from either euphoria or fear.
In this case, high buying volumes indicate euphoria, while greater selling volumes suggest fear. On the other hand, a significantly lower volume than the average may signify apathy or disinterest among investors. These emotional responses can influence short-term price movements.
Additionally, conducting a price versus volume analysis can help identify momentum or trend reversals. If a stock’s price begins to rise while volume remains low, it may signal the onset of a bullish trend.
However, if a stock’s price starts to fall amid high trading volume, it could indicate a potential reversal from a bullish to a bearish trend.
Importance of Volume Indicators
Volume indicators are valuable tools in technical analysis that function similarly to trend indicators, assisting in the identification of the current trend in stock price movements. According to a study by Researchgate, about 90% of traders ultimately lose money. However, you can be different by mastering volume indicators.
As an investor, you can use volume indicators to assess the number of shares being traded in the market at any given moment, helping you understand the overall sentiment of investors toward the market.
Additionally, these indicators can provide early signals regarding whether the prevailing trend in a stock’s price will persist or reverse. Trading expert and author Anna Coulling emphasizes the importance of this relationship, stating,
“Once you begin to interpret and understand what the price and volume relationship is signaling, then you have arrived at trading Nirvana.”
While achieving “Nirvana” may sound ambitious, mastering the interpretation and application of effective volume indicators enables you to make more informed decisions about buying, selling, and shorting assets in alignment with actual market momentum.
Top 8 Volume Indicators
Several volume indicators can help traders assess market liquidity and activity when trading financial assets. Here are some of them:
On-Balance Volume (OBV)
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Starting our list of top 8 volume indicators is On-Balance-Volume (OBV), one of the most well-known volume indicators developed by Joseph Granville in 1963.
OBV serves as a predictive indicator, assessing whether volume is entering or exiting an asset. It leverages volume changes to infer potential price movements based on market sentiment. For instance, when large institutional investors make significant purchases of an asset, retail investors may follow suit upon noticing this activity.
OBV can highlight such volume shifts and offer insights into potential price surges or declines. Many investors regard it as an indicator of the underlying dynamics affecting an asset’s price.
While the absolute value of OBV itself may not be particularly informative, traders typically focus on the trend of OBV over time, paying close attention to the slope of the line.
To enhance its effectiveness, OBV is best utilized alongside lagging indicators. As a predictive tool, it can occasionally indicate trends that do not materialize. Nonetheless, OBV can be useful for identifying market trends, spotting divergences, and determining entry and exit points for trades.
On-balance volume is calculated by adding the day’s volume to a cumulative total when the security’s price closes up, and subtracting the day’s volume when the security’s price closes down. That is:
- If today’s close is greater than yesterday’s close then: OBV = Yesterday’s OBV + Today’s Volume
- If today’s close is less than yesterday’s close then: OBV = Yesterday’s OBV – Today’s Volume
- If today’s close is equal to yesterday’s close then: OBV = Yesterday’s OBV
Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)
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Created by Marc Chaikin, the Chaikin Money Flow (CMF) indicator is a volume-based tool that measures the Money Flow Volume over a specified period. Typically, this indicator assesses Money Flow Volume over a look-back period of 20 or 21 days and fluctuates above and below a zero line, much like an oscillator.
The Chaikin Money Flow (CMF) is founded on the principle that a stock’s price movement, when analyzed alongside its volume, offers a more comprehensive understanding of its strengths or weaknesses. For instance, if the price of a cryptocurrency is rising, but CMF is in negative territory, it may suggest that the upward trend lacks strong buying support and could reverse.
When interpreting the Chaikin Money Flow (CMF) indicator, traders typically focus on the following signals:
- A positive CMF reading indicates accumulation, meaning that buying pressure exceeds selling pressure, which usually signals bullish momentum.
- Conversely, a negative CMF reading suggests distribution, indicating that selling pressure surpasses buying pressure and points to bearish momentum.
- A bullish signal is generated when the CMF crosses above the zero line, while a bearish signal occurs when it crosses below. These crossovers can indicate a potential change in the direction of money flow.
- The zero line is a crucial threshold in the CMF. A crossover from below to above this line signifies a transition from selling pressure to buying pressure, while a crossover from above to below indicates the opposite.
Essentially, CMF operates on the notion that securities hitting new highs demonstrate robust money flow and increased buying pressure, whereas those hitting new lows indicate weak money flow and prevailing selling activity.
To calculate CMF, use this formula: CMF= {sum of MFV over N days} / {sum of Volume over N days}
Volume Price Trend (VPT)
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Volume Price Trend (VPT) is a cumulative indicator that accounts for both the price direction and the strength of volume movements. It helps traders identify trends and the intensity behind price changes.
Like OBV, VPT is used to identify divergences between price and volume. A rising VPT indicates strong buying pressure, while a falling VPT signals increasing selling pressure.
For example, if a stock price increases, but the VPT is declining, this could suggest a lack of strong buying interest, and the upward movement may not be sustainable.
The interpretations of the Volume Price Trend (VPT) can be summarized as follows:
- An increase in both price and volume confirms an upward price trend.
- A decrease in both price and volume confirms a downward price trend.
- An increase in price coupled with a declining or flat volume trend indicates negative divergence, suggesting that the downward price movement is weak and could reverse.
- A decrease in price alongside an increasing or flat volume trend indicates positive divergence, suggesting that the upward price movement is weak and may also reverse.
To calculate VPT, the formula is: VPT = Previous VPT + Volume * (Current Close – Previous Close) / Previous Close
Accumulation/Distribution Line (A/D Line)
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The A/D Line, developed by Larry Williams, is used to measure the cumulative flow of money into and out of a security. It assesses both price and volume to determine whether an asset is being accumulated (bought) or distributed (sold).
As a trader, you should aim to buy assets under accumulation and short those that are being distributed. The Accumulation/Distribution (A/D) indicator helps assess how price movements are influenced by supply and demand, particularly highlighting divergences between price and volume trends.
For example, If the price is rising but the A/D Line is falling, it could signal that the asset is being distributed, and a potential reversal may be on the horizon. By factoring in high, low, and closing prices along with volume, it can indicate potential uptrends or downtrends based on buying and selling pressure.
The signals to look out for include:
- Positive movements in the A/D Line suggest accumulation, while negative movements indicate distribution.
- A sharply rising A/D line can confirm a strong upward price trend, suggesting it will continue, while a declining A/D line signals a downward trend that is likely to persist.
In essence, if volume provides insights into how attractive an asset is, the A/D indicator offers deeper clarity on how volume impacts price action.
The accumulation/distribution formula consists of three key components and its calculation process involves determining the money flow multiplier and the money flow volume, followed by deriving the A/D line as the final output.
- A/D = Previous A/D + Current Period’s Money Flow Volume
- Money Flow Volume = Money Flow Multiplier x Volume for the Period
- Money Flow Multiplier = [(Close – Low) – (High – Close)] / (High – Low)
“The most important quality for an investor is temperament, not intellect.
Money Flow Index (MFI)
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The Money Flow Index (MFI) is a momentum indicator that uses price and volume data to measure buying and selling pressure. The indicator is comparable to the Relative Strength Index (RSI), with the key distinction being that the MFI incorporates volume in its calculation.
MFI ranges from 0 to 100, with readings above 80 indicating overbought conditions and readings below 20 signaling oversold conditions. Consequently, traders use MFI to identify potential reversal points when the indicator reaches extreme levels (above 80 or below 20).
It can also be used to confirm price trends and spot divergences. For example, if a stock is in an uptrend but MFI is declining, it could indicate that the buying pressure is weakening, and the trend might reverse.
The Money Flow Index (MFI) is interpreted similarly to the Relative Strength Index (RSI). When analyzing the MFI, the following key points should be taken into account:
- A reading above 80 suggests that an asset may be overbought, signaling that a price correction or pullback could be imminent.
- A reading below 20 indicates that an asset may be oversold, implying that a price rebound or upward momentum may occur soon.
- When the MFI moves contrary to the price, it may signal a potential reversal. For instance, if prices are increasing while the MFI is declining, it may point to weakening buying pressure and a possible price decline.
To calculate MFI, use this formula:
MFI = 100 – (100 / (1 + Money Flow Ratio)), where Money Flow Ratio = Positive Money Flow / Negative Money Flow.
Note that the MFI can sometimes produce false signals, so it’s recommended to use additional indicators for confirmation.
Klinger Oscillator
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The Klinger Oscillator was developed by Stephen Klinger and is designed to predict long-term trends while remaining sensitive to short-term price movements. It combines price and volume to track money flow into or out of an asset.
To use the Klinger Oscillator, traders watch for crossovers between the Klinger Oscillator and its signal line to identify potential buy or sell signals. A bullish crossover indicates potential buying opportunities, while a bearish crossover suggests selling pressure.
For example, if the Klinger Oscillator crosses above its signal line while the price is rising, it could confirm the upward momentum and present a buying opportunity.
Traders using this indicator should also pay attention to these signals:
- A signal line, typically a 13-period moving average, is used to trigger buy or sell signals.
- In an overall uptrend—such as when the asset is above its 100-period moving average and the Klinger oscillator is above or moving towards zero—traders may consider buying when the Klinger oscillator crosses above the signal line.
- QIn a downtrend, traders might sell or short-sell when the Klinger oscillator crosses below the signal line.
- The Klinger oscillator uses divergence to highlight when its readings do not align with price movements. It signals a bullish trend when the oscillator is rising while the security’s price is falling, and a bearish trend when the price is rising but the indicator is falling.
The formula for the Klinger Oscillator is quite complex. However, it calculates the difference between two moving averages of volume and price, with a signal line to confirm potential reversals.
KO = 34 Period EMA of VF − 55 Period EMA of VF
where:
KO = Klinger Oscillator
VF = Volume Force
Volume Force = V×[2×((dm/cm) − 1)]×T×100
V = Volume
T = Trend
Trend = +1 if
(H + L + C) > (H − 1 + L − 1 + Cv − 1)
Trend = − 1 if Above is < or =
H = High
L = Low
C = Close
dm = H − L
cm = cm−1 + dm if Trend =
Trend−1
cm = dm −1 + dm if Trend = / = Trend−1
Also, note that it tends to produce false trading signals when used in isolation from other indicators.
Ease of Movement (EOM)
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The Ease of Movement (EMV) indicator, also referred to as the Ease of Movement Value indicator, was developed by Richard W. Arms, Jr. to assist traders in determining the “ease” with which a stock’s price moves. Since it incorporates both price volatility and volume, many traders find it helpful for evaluating the strength of a trend.
Positive EOM values indicate that price movement is occurring with little resistance, while negative values suggest difficulty in sustaining the current price movement. EOM is particularly useful for spotting breakouts and confirming trend strength, especially in volatile markets where trends cannot be seen.
For example, if a stock’s price is rising and EOM is positive, it suggests that the upward movement is occurring with ease, potentially indicating a strong uptrend.
On a side note, most traders combine the EMV with other technical analysis tools to increase their likelihood of success.
Calculating EOM involves several steps but the main formula is:
EOM = (High + Low) / 2 – (Previous High + Previous Low) / 2 * (High – Low) / Volume
Note that this indicator works best when applied to longer time frames, such as a daily chart, as it identifies trends using volume averages.
Volume RSI
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Rounding off our list of top 8 volume indicators is the Volume RSI. The Volume RSI (Relative Strength Index) is a volume-based indicator that functions similarly to the traditional RSI, but instead of using price fluctuations, it incorporates up-volume and down-volume into the RSI formula.
The Volume RSI oscillates between 0 and 100%, with 50% as the center line and a common strategy for utilizing this indicator is trading based on crossovers of the Volume RSI and the 50% center line:
- When the Volume RSI is above 50%, it indicates a bullish signal, showing that bullish volume outweighs bearish volume.
- When the Volume RSI falls below 50%, it signals a bearish outlook, with bearish volume dominating over bullish volume.
As a result, traders may look to buy when the indicator moves above the 50% line and sell when it drops below.
To calculate the volume RSI, use this formula:
Volume RSI = 100 – [100 / (1 + VoRS)]
Where VoRS (Volume Relative Strength) is calculated as the ratio between the average up-volume and down-volume over a specified period:
VoRS = Average of up-volumes / Average of down-volumes.
“The single greatest edge an investor can have is a long—term orientation.”
How to Use Volume Indicators Effectively
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Volume indicators are most effective when combined with other technical analysis tools, such as moving averages, trendlines, and momentum indicators. Here are a few tips for using volume indicators:
Confirm Trends: Use volume indicators to confirm the strength of price trends. If the price is moving in a particular direction and volume is supporting that movement, it’s more likely to be sustainable.
Spot Divergences: Divergences between price and volume can be powerful signals of potential reversals. If the price is rising, but volume indicators show declining interest, it may suggest that the trend is weakening.
Identify Breakouts: Volume spikes often accompany breakouts from key support or resistance levels. Watch for increases in volume when the price breaks through important levels to confirm the breakout.
Monitor Overbought/Oversold Conditions: Indicators like Money Flow Index (MFI) can help identify when an asset is overbought or oversold, signaling potential reversal points.
Assess liquidity: Traders can use the volume indicator to measure the liquidity of a financial asset, which aids in determining how easily trades can be executed, whether entering or exiting a position.
Identification of Reversals: Asset prices and trends can shift unexpectedly, and volume can play a crucial role in detecting potential price reversals. A significant spike in volume may indicate a change in market sentiment, which could result in a trend reversal.
For example, if a security experiences a sharp decline in price accompanied by high volume, it may suggest panic selling. This situation could lead to a stabilization or reversal in price as the selling pressure begins to subside.
Market Sentiment: We’ve discussed volume as a measure of momentum, which serves as a reflection of market sentiment. For example, high volume accompanying price increases may signal bullish sentiment, while high volume during price declines could suggest bearish sentiment.
In this case, when you understand the relationship between volume and sentiment, you’ll gain greater clarity on market behavior.
Pros and Cons of Volume Indicators
Similar to other trading tools, volume indicators have their own set of advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of the Volume Indicator
Here are some of the advantages you should pay attention to:
Easy to Use
The volume indicator is straightforward, making it accessible even for novice traders.
Versatile application
It can be used across various financial markets, including stocks, futures, forex, and cryptocurrencies.
Effective across timeframes
The indicator functions well in multiple timeframes, whether for short-term trades or long-term investments.
Complements other tools
The volume indicator can be paired with other technical indicators and chart patterns to enhance the accuracy of trading strategies. When combined with other technical indicators, such as moving averages or RSI, volume indicators can provide stronger, more reliable trading signals.
Limitations of the Volume Indicator
Now that we know the advantages, here are some limitations to be aware of:
Inaccurate data
In decentralized markets like forex or cryptocurrencies, the reported volume may not always be accurate or complete, potentially leading to misleading analysis.
Limited predictive ability
The volume indicator alone cannot forecast future price movements, necessitating the use of other technical or fundamental tools for better predictions.
Lagging indicator
Volume indicators usually reflect past trading activity and may not provide immediate insights into current market sentiment.
False signals
As with any technical indicator, the volume indicator may occasionally produce false signals, which can lead to trading errors or losses, especially during low-volume periods or markets.
Not standalone
Volume indicators are often most effective when used in conjunction with other technical analysis tools, as they don’t provide enough information on their own for precise market predictions
Conclusion
Volume indicators provide valuable insights into market sentiment and can help traders and investors make more informed decisions. Also, by analyzing volume in conjunction with price movements, traders can confirm trends, and spot reversals, and calculate the strength of a particular asset.
Whether you’re a novice or an experienced trader, incorporating volume indicators into your technical analysis toolkit can enhance your ability to work in the financial markets effectively.
FAQs
Volume indicators analyze the amount of trading activity in financial market assets to confirm trends, identify reversals, and gauge market strength.
OBV works by adding or subtracting volume based on price movements, helping traders spot divergences between price and volume trends.
MFI measures buying and selling pressure, with readings above 80 signaling overbought conditions and below 20 signaling oversold.
Volume indicators can confirm trends, spot divergences, identify breakouts, and signal overbought/oversold conditions.
