A Layer 1 protocol refers to the base layer of a blockchain network. It includes the main blockchain architecture and governs its functionalities, such as consensus mechanisms, transaction methods, and data storage.Layer 1 protocols are responsible for the core operations of the blockchain. Examples include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Binance Smart Chain. Each protocol has its own unique features, transaction speeds, and scalability solutions.The effectiveness of a Layer 1 protocol can significantly impact the speed, security, and usability of the entire network. Enhancements to these protocols aim to address issues like congestion and high transaction fees, which can arise as usage increases.Developers often build on top of Layer 1 protocols using Layer 2 solutions to improve transaction throughput and speed. These solutions help to alleviate some of the congestion on the main chain while still relying on it for security and decentralization.